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Global Renewable Energy Transition - Issues and Options

Authors:
Mahmood Ahmad
Puja Bhetwal

Keywords: renewable energy, energy transition, climate change, sustainability, electrification, policy, innovation, finance.

Abstract:
The global renewable energy transition is advancing rapidly yet unevenly, with 2024–2025 witnessing record additions of 585 GW in renewable capacity—92.5% of all new power generation—driven by cost declines, technology innovation, and policy commitments, such as the 28th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP28) target to triple capacity by 2030. However, this pace remains insufficient to align with the 1.5 °C pathway, as persistent reliance on fossil fuels, grid bottlenecks, financing constraints, and policy reversals—most notably in the United States impede progress. This paper adopts a comparative policy review approach, synthesizing recent global and regional developments to highlight both structural advances and systemic barriers. China’s unprecedented solar and wind deployment contrasts with under-utilization due to curtailment and storage gaps, while South Asia exhibits diverse trajectories shaped by infrastructure readiness and institutional capacity. Emerging trends, including long-duration energy storage, circular-economy energy recovery, and monetization of surplus renewables through digital economies demonstrate innovation potential but also raise governance challenges. Policy options identified include phasing out fossil subsidies, coordinating grid expansion with capacity growth, and integrating decentralized systems for equitable access. Achieving a just and resilient energy transition will require synchronized technological, financial, and policy measures to ensure benefits are globally inclusive.

Pages: 7 to 13

Copyright: Copyright (c) IARIA, 2025

Publication date: October 26, 2025

Published in: conference

ISBN: 978-1-68558-331-6

Location: Barcelona, Spain

Dates: from October 26, 2025 to October 30, 2025