Home // International Journal On Advances in Intelligent Systems, volume 18, numbers 1 and 2, 2025 // View article
Authors:
Oscar Amador Molina
Felipe Valle
Nicholas Sjögren
Duc Huy Vu
María Calderón
Ignacio Soto
Manuel Urueña
Keywords: Cooperative Connected and Automated Driving, Coexistence, Contention Based Forwarding, ETSI
Abstract:
The gap between technology readiness level in Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) and its adoption and deployment has caused a phenomenon where conventional drivers have to coexist with intelligent vehicles. Furthermore, intelligent vehicles are also a heterogeneous fleet of cars with different levels of connection and automation. For the connection part, at least two types of network access technologies have to coexist. Furthermore, for the case of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Intelligent Transport Systems protocols, work is being completed in Release 2 of the specification while Release 1 deployments are still underway. In the automation side, levels of automation differ from Levels 1–3, when human drivers are needed at least for backup driving tasks, to Levels 4–5, where full automation is in place. This, coupled with industry and consumer trends in the vehicle industry, is bound to cause a scenario where fully C-ITS-enabled vehicles have to coexist with non-C-ITS road users and, at the very least, with different versions of C-ITS. In this paper, we analyze this phenomena from the connection side by performance in terms of efficiency and safety of two releases of the ETSI GeoNetworking protocol, and from the automation side, by assessing the coexistence of conventional drivers with fully intelligent vehicles. Our results show that it is partial homogeneity (coexistence of two types of vehicles) that affects safety and efficiency. Finally, we discuss possible paths to tackle the upcoming compatibility and coexistence problems.
Pages: 1 to 10
Copyright: Copyright (c) to authors, 2025. Used with permission.
Publication date: June 30, 2025
Published in: journal
ISSN: 1942-2679